Luke 6
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Luke 6
Original Sources:
First Users and
First Functions

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Marcion in ~160 as reported by Tertullian in ~207 at AM 4,11: “The disciples had been hungry; on that sabbath day they had plucked some grains and rubbed them in their hands; by thus preparing their own food, they had violated the holy day. Christ excuses them, becoming their accomplice in breaking the sabbath.” Function: Marcion here exposes the ludicrous faith that forbade self-help like this. His radical formulation is taken literally by Tertullian who can’t see its value. Tertullian as yet presents no text of what Jesus said, only the OT precedent of David. Irenaeus has the words for the first time:

From Marcion in ~160 Irenaeus in ~185 (4,8,3) presents: “Haven’t you read this, what David did, when he was hungry himself; how he went into the house of god and ate the showbread, and gave it to those who were with him which is not lawful to eat, except for the priests only?” Function: vs. the Gnostics, Irenaeus says David was a priest, and he did not break OT law: “the law did not forbid those who were hungry on the Sabbath to take food lying ready at hand... (but) to reap and gather into the barn.” Note from the underlined words how this story shows David celebrating the Eucharist in the OT. The parallel at Mt 12:3s deliberately eliminates these, re-flecting an old prejudice of Palestinians against Paul’s Eucharistic revelation recorded at 1Cor 11,23.
Tertullian adds Marcion’s claim that Christ publicly proclaimed an end to the sabbath by calling himself “lord of the sabbath” (AM 4,12). Function: For Tertullian it is to show Marcion’s misunderstanding of Christ’s shift of emphasis, vs. dumping the entire OT faith. But at Flesh of Christ 15 he adds the Danielic phrase to the Marcionite domination of the sabbath by his otherworldly Christ: “I do not see what substance Christ himself spoke when he called himself man and the son of man saying... The son of man is lord of the sabbath.”

Marcion in ~160 (as reported by Tertullian at AM 4,11): “Then the Pharisees watch whether he would heal on the sabbath day, that they might accuse him....” Function: “as a violator of the sabbath, not as the propounder of a new god,” says Tertullian “By the restoration of the withered hand, he inquires, Is it lawful on sabbath days to do good, or not? to save life, or to destroy it?” Function: For Marcion, the saying and story shows Christ healing people from Judaism, symbolized by the withered hand. For Tertullian it shows that the sabbath is what heals the man, and that the lord, like the priests, owns the sabbath, and that it exists to help people rest and joy, not to hang another rule on them, and again promises “the restoration of the Jewish state.”

Tertullian in 207 (AM 4,13): says “he spent the night in prayer in a mountain.” Function: because the prophets said he would “Get you up into the high mountain, you who bring good tidings to Sion.”

Gospel text as found since ~350 in and B, unless otherwise indicated,
except P⁷⁵ from the 3rd century, which has verses 10-49. It is held at the Bodmer Library, Cologne. P⁴⁵, one of the Chester Beatty Papyri, is from ~210, held at the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin and the National Library, Vienna. It contains verses 31-41, 45-49. And P⁴, from the 3rd century, which has verses 1-16. It is held at the Bibl. Nat., Paris.

1 And it happened on a sabbath when
     he was going through the grainfields,
     his disciples also picked and ate
     some grains rubbing them with their
2 hands. And some of the Pharisees
     said, Why are you doing what is not
3 permitted on the sabbath? And in
     reply to them Jesus said,

     Haven’t you read this either, what
     David did when he was hungry,
     himself and those who were with
4 him; how he went into the house of
     god and taking, he ate the show
     bread, and gave to those with him,
     which it is not lawful to eat except
     for the priests only?

5 And he said to them, The lord of
     the sabbath is the son of man.

6 And it happened on another Sabbath he
     was entering into the synagogue also to
     teach; and there was a man there and his
7 right hand was withered. And the writers
     and the Pharisees watched him closely
     whether he healed on the sabbath, so
     that they could find to accuse him.
8 And he said to the man who had the
     withered hand, Arise and stand in
     the center. And he arose and stood.
9 And Jesus said to them, I question
     you whether it is permitted to do
     good on the sabbath or to do evil,
     to save life or to destroy it? And
     looking around at them all he said
     to him: Stretch out your hand.
     And he did and his hand was restored
     completely.

12 And in those days it happened he
     went out into the mountain to pray,
     and there he spent the night in
     prayer to god.

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